فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1393)

Today, cities around the world for various reasons, including location, unsuitable physical development, poor standards of construction and etc are faced with Risks and damage caused by natural disasters. Every year several large earthquakes in the country, especially in areas with high seismicity occur that it causes a lot of damages and casualties .Crisis management refers to the actions set that occurred before, during and after the disaster, one of the problems in the past centuries that is threatened Life of human societies, Natural disaster and accidents. Considering these kinds of natural disasters and environmental disasters that occur in this species is different. One of the areas in the disasters, especially earthquakes, suffered seriously is urban areas and urban fabrics. This issue shows clearer Necessity planning in order to reduce the effects of the crisis. In urban areas, harmful effects of the occurrence of natural disasters, including combination of physical and dysfunction of the city's devastation. Demolition of structures and residential buildings, and a vital artery such as roads, telephone lines, electricity lines, water piping, gas lines and etc of cases where it can be noted. In addition to direct damage caused by destruction of installations and buildings, Gas leak and fire damage caused by disasters should be considered. Another dimension of crisis is human disaster. This mortality, especially in areas of high population and areas have a compact texture are more. Along with many of the sciences in order to reduce damage and mortality caused by earthquakes, urban planning can be seen effective in this area. Reduce vulnerability and immunization city against the hazards of earthquakes will accrue when it is considered as a goal at all levels in planning. The urban planning as a mid-level planning is presented the most efficient planning to reduce levels of vulnerability to earthquakes. To organize urban fabric for reducing vulnerability it is essential, should be revealed integrated network as a vital "safety net". "Safety net" is not just a set of streets and roads but a continuous and organized network of main roads and most important centers is needed in times of crisis. In all circumstances disturbance of this network should be prevented. In this research effort is to define criteria and indicators of environment, population - social, economic, Physical, Vulnerable areas of the city of Qazvin should be assessed with using multiple decisions making. Finally determined, the third region of 19 regions of the Qazvin are high vulnerable in earthquake. This issue can determine attention to immunization and Retrofitting urban fabric than before. After that it should be studied vital and effective physical elements of crisis management to reduce vulnerability in times of crisis were identified in other studies. The optimal locations of these facilities were identified by defining criteria and indicators. Finally, primary and secondary routes in the city of Qazvin were identified with regard to regulations and standards governing the primary and secondary routes and the placement of facilities and access to various facilities in the shortest possible time.

During more than 60 years of research about Persian garden, most of the researchers noted that CHAHARBAGH is the most important pattern of Persian garden and it is an "Archetype". CHARBAGH is formed by two perpendicular axes in garden which divide it into four square shape parts. Most of the literature about the Persian garden confirms the idea that the concept of the Persian garden without the CHAHARBAGH pattern is meaningless, but the existing historical Persian Gardens, shows another fact about the Persian Garden pattern. There is uni-axial pattern of Persian Garden which is described in historical books such as "Irshad ul zerae" (or a guide book for planting) which is written about 400 years ago. This paper aims to challenge the stereotypical pattern in the Persian garden by having a critical approach towards the literature review and raise the question that what the uni-axial Pattern of Persian Garden exactly is. Why this pattern is formed during the history, and was it repeated during history. In order to re-find an-axial pattern of Persian garden, with a deductive approach, the paper tries to recognize all the documents about uni-axial Pattern of Persian Garden, among historical documents such as, the first documents of PASARGAD garden, Persian miniature, and Persian garden-carpet. Philology of the words "BAGH", "PARDISE" help us to find some facts about it. The word ‘paradise’ derives from the Persian word ‘Pardis’ for a garden and usually has the same meaning in every culture and language. It is representative of ‘paradise on earth', but there is no emphasis on "two perpendicular axes in garden" in the meaning of this word and the word: "BAGH".In other hand, we can draw a complete plan of uni-axial pattern of Persian garden according to the book "Irshad ul zerae"and correcte some mistakes of other researchers' drawings such as Subtenly, Damgaard, Yavari and Alemi. Other Documents especially the first documents of PASARGAD garden, shows us that it was the first uni-axial Pattern of Persian Garden which excavated by Sami and also Stronach. Existing historical Persian garden like SHAZDEH garden in Mahan, DOLATABAD garden in Yazd, HAFT_TAN garden and NARENGESTAN garden in Shiraz, CHEHELSOTOON in Isfahan are evidences for the fact that we can observe uni-axial Pattern of Persian Garden during different historical period. The Iranian traditional arts such as carpet and miniature are also show the pattern during history. In Persian Garden –carpets we can observe 3 patterns of CHAHARBAGH archetype which includes: tow perpendicular axes pattern, three parallel zones pattern and uni-axial pattern. In Persian Miniature we can also observe 3 patterns of CHAHARBAGH archetype which includes: "Imaginary Gardens" with uni-axial Pattern, miniature with two perpendicular axes pattern, and "story miniature" with uni-axial Pattern related to different age. In a deductive conclusion we can re-find Uni-axial pattern of Persian garden as an important pattern of CHAHARBAGH. As another result, this paper found that the scope of existing uni-axial Pattern of Persian Garden during history is pervasive and also this pattern is based on ZORASTRIAN beliefs.

Traditional architecture of Iran is one of the invaluable treasures which is in need of more concentration and more investigation especially in recent era which named age of identity crisis in contemporary architecture. One the most important issues in recent era is to meet Islamic Iranian identity in architectural buildings and other housing projects in all over Iran. Based on constitution and national demands as well as other intervening factors, contemporary Iranian architecture looks for a new generation of architectural buildings which related to its prosperous identity more than ever. Nowadays, it is more and more important to establish a new generation in contemporary Iranian architecture that bridge past and future, tradition and modernity, and authenticity and originality. Theoretical framework of the research is based on latest developments, new technologies and recent scientific researches especially adoption of artificial intelligence in architectural design process. Artificial intelligence and its related developments made a new atmosphere in architectural design process. Parametricism and parametric thinking as well as shifting to systematic, adaptive variation, continuous differentiation rather than mere variety, and dynamism open a new horizon for contemporary architecture. Regarding to fundamental claims of recently new developed applications and computational architecture, it is going to be more and more possible to discover genotype and phenotype of architectural buildings. This paper is to contemporize of Tehran traditional architecture by parametric algorithm. Therefore the main goal of this paper is to recognize and explain the genotype and phenotype of traditional buildings of Tehran. Literature review of the paper show that genotype of traditional houses of Tehran may include the genetic makeup of Tehran houses with reference an entire complex of traits. Thus recognition of traditional houses of Tehran may result in a kind of contemporary Iranian architecture which enjoys an entire complex of traits of its ancestors. The new developed concept for contemporary Tehran houses may enjoy phenotype of traditional houses of Tehran. Regarding to this strategy, the appearance of traditional houses of Tehran resulting from the interaction of its genotype and the environment developed to more sophisticated exemplar. In this research this kind of genotype and phenotype transition called “contemporization”. Transition of genotype and phenotype of traditional houses of Tehran to contemporary architecture of Tehran is theoretical fundament of revitalizing Islamic Iranian identity in recent era. The research question is “what are the main influential issues in configuration of traditional buildings of Tehran? And how traditional houses of Tehran genotype and phenotype may be recognized?” Methodology of the paper emphasize on a quantitative as well as qualitative approach for examination of the hypothesis of the research. Therefore based on stratified random sampling techniques some cases examined comprehensively. At the second step, parametric analysis factors concluded to make justified plan graph - JPG. The drawn JPGs examined comprehensively by smart graph tables. At the last step, regarding to the most frequent factors, based on four influential parameters namely barrier depth step ring, the results concluded in three major determining genes namely barrier, ring and level of access.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the cultural, artistic, climatic, aesthetic, and historic characteristics of historic houses in Kashan area. The area owns specific rules in architecture and enjoys special construction, particularly in residential buildings. On the other hand, historical studies can identify the thought and ideological framework and re-identify the dominant discourse of each period. This is because every historical epoch is defined according to its own characteristics. The fundamental points in these studies are the knowledge gaps and intellectual, cultural, and discourse shifts resulting in shifting of and displacement in levels of analysis. Attention paid to the combination of discourse integrity (the representation of discourse integrity in the architecture of Kashan) and attention given to functionalist theory that emphasizes the role of each element in the general construction of each phenomenon and its particular function can well demonstrate how these two apparently disparate theories have combined in constructing these houses. Generally, the propositions governing the traditional architecture of Kashan, formed according to discourse of Hijab (veil), along with the internal construction of houses with respect to climatic and natural conditions and the function of internal elements have given birth to a specific phrase called “the historical houses of Kashan”, which has attracted the attention of many domestic and foreign individuals. From cultural viewpoint, the distinction between gynoecium and Andaron, and demonstration of masculine authority and acceptance of patriarchy by the household are among important points emphasizing the reason for the separate positioning of men and women in the house. Moreover, existence of special houses in a special part of city led to the concentration of aristocrats in a special place which provided them with special advantages. The human being’s physiological response to temperature, for example, defines the optimality of weather or climate for him. Thus, traditional architecture strategies to modulate the temperature are reflected perfectly in these houses. Traditional architecture in Kashan has been designed for air adjustment mostly based on cryogenics and has been planned to provide comfort and inner peace according to the bio-climatic conditions. The present article includes a description of Kashan’s historical houses and its local architecture and the internal structure of the houses. The article proceeds to state the theoretical framework of the study and recognize the historical phenomena based on the discovery of the truth hidden in them. This will in turn illustrate the emergence of new discourse in the history of Iran, i.e., discourse of modernity and its special feature of this era everywhere, including Iranian architecture. This research enjoys a field study based on direct observation and historical analysis of houses using Michel Foucault's theory of discourse integrity and functional theory with emphasis on Parsons (AGIL). The results of the present study demonstrate natural human response to Kashan geography with dry climate along with his reaction to the sovereignty of discourse in each period. The dominant discourse values combined with natural conditions and creativity in artistic structure have provided a suitable ground for the construction of houses.

Smart development strategy is from the newest and most important tenets of sustainable urban planning which is one of the main strategies of containment of urban sprawl and creep that its main emphasis is on the land use mixed and buildings intensive, which resulted in a high density with less environmental impact. This research by using descriptive–analytic method and utilizing the newest and reliable resources has paid to explain the concept, principle, techniques and benefits of smart development in 19 district of Tehran and has special emphasis on the combinational utilization and a development based on transit as the most essential principles of that. To evaluate smart growth and sustainable development in the region 72 indicators in 7 major criteria including socioeconomic and cultural-educational, health-medical, physical and land use, urban facilities and equipment, access and environmental were analyzed using TOPSIS model and Coefficient of Variation. The theoretical findings of this study indicates that smart growth strategy with emphasis on the prevention of urban creep and preserve existing neighborhoods, reduce travel time and traffic piles, encourage design based on human scale, community-based and necessity of public participation in urban planning, close to home and work, mixing land uses, urban design in keeping with the nature, development, environmental quality, ecosystem diversity and conservation of green and open spaces to encourage pedestrian activity and encourage dependency on private cars using the package of legal, financial and educational has opened new routes in the urban Planning. The analysis of Smart growth indexes in areas of 19 districts of Tehran suggests that in social indicators–economic 1 area with TOPSIS score of 0.8523 has placed ranked one; 2 area with TOPSIS score of 0.6614 has placed ranked two and 3 area with TOPSIS score of 0.4568 has placed ranked three, in the cultural-educational indexes1 area with TOPSIS score of 0.7865 has placed ranked one; 2 area with TOPSIS score of 0.5698 has placed ranked two and 3 area with TOPSIS score of 0.4866 has placed ranked three. Generally in most of the indexes, 1 area with highest TOPSIS score is ranked first, and only in the index of accessibility 3 area whit TOPSIS score 0.7854 has placed in the first rank. The results of the ranking of three areas in the 19 districts of Tehran indicated that there are differences and variations in access to the indicators among the three areas of 19 districts of Tehran. However, the amount of variation and difference did not more and show some to extent the smart development of the region. In the compound indexes the mean TOPSIS score in the areas of 19 district of Tehran was equal to 0.6561 and standard deviation of these indexes was 0.1689.According to calculations, the variation coefficient index was 0.2575. In the total, 1 area with TOPSIS score of 0.8678 has placed ranked one (developed); 2 area with TOPSIS score of 0.6463 has placed ranked two (Semi- developed); and 3 area with TOPSIS score of 0.4541 has placed ranked three (Underdeveloped).

The Mongol attack to Iran in the early seventh century AH, no doubt, was one of the most terrible and destructive historical events which had many consequences in different areas. Mongols after the entry into Iran and looting and destroying many cities and buildings, during the time were slowly absorbed in Iranian culture, like the Seljuks, and began to renovation of cities and repair the ruins. This theory (historical and cultural continuity of Iran) is attractive for Iranian scholars and also has valuable position to explain the exceptional situation of Iran between Islamic Countries. But According to Hegel wild tribes after the invasion and occupation of civilized societies, at the stage of history are influenced by the culture of the conquered people but do not lose their original culture and lifestyle and Keep it in their mind and heart as background. Therefore, the above theory is interesting, but it also has objections, because it ignores the effects of foreign elements on Iranian culture, art and architecture. This article with research in historical documents, evidences and two important examples of Il-khanid period architecture in Iran as the absent element of historical and architectural research aims at showing the Mongol's culture influences on Iranian architecture. This case (Mongol's influences) is also absent in the historical studies about in Iran Iranian architecture in the Il-khanid period. Therefore after the explain of the historical story of the Mongol invasions and their rule in Iran with regard to the close relationship between artists and Sufism, Some religious and ritual aspects of the Mongol's culture and expansion of these aspects in Iranian's society was studied. We know there were many similar aspects between Mongol's shamanism and Iranian's sufism, therefore this similarities were a good and logical reason for expansion of sufism in the Il-khanid period in Iranian society. No doubt the expansion of sufism had a definite impact on the artists, architects, craftsmen and their art works. Because of this impact on the artists and architects of Il-khanid period, the art and architecture works of this period have a special character or quality. This special quality gives them identity which differentiate them from other art and architecture works in the past periods. By studying the features of Il-khanid period architecture and two important examples of this period buildings in Iran (Sultaniya dome in Zanjan and Alishah mosque in Tabriz) Mongol's role on the formation of these buildings was demonstrated in a symbolic perspective. At the end of this article, after reviewing the opinion of Iranian and foreign scholars in an analytical approach, we know Il-khanid architecture has been greatly indebted to Iranian past architectural traditions and the main distinction can be applying the massive and unprecedented scale in the creation of buildings. This Large-scale change in the buildings of this period is the major Mongol's influence on the Iranian architecture that can be due ritual and symbolic aspects of this aggressive people's culture which is referred to those in this paper for the first time.

For many years, undesirable consequences resulting from urban life style have brought serious problems and difficulties for environment and human being. These effects not only have exposed animals and plants' lives to danger but also will bring an unfavorable future for next generations. Under these circumstances, sustainable architecture with trends to reconsider techniques of local and vernacular architecture which contains many creative ideas has been taken into consideration by many organizations, institutions and governments. It is necessary to define this concept precisely, specifying its main and determinant features, and experiences of various countries in this scope should be surveyed. One of the principal bases is strategies and decisions are made by states, to provide static thermal comfort in buildings which has become a major part of energy literature and sustainable development investigations over the world in recent years. One of the main solutions to increased energy consumption of buildings criteria is strategies to provide static thermal comfort in buildings. A major action in this field is developing decisions in modifying the optimum forms of every climate in building regulations. The aim of this research is to emphasize the urge to reform the regulations of energy consumptions in this industry towards localization. Therefore this research compares one of the most determinant reactions of vernacular architecture to the three major climate zones in Iran: the way building faces the earth. Earth has an important role in formation of architecture in every climate. In hot-desert climate building with earth brings thermal comfort benefits by using its thermal mass which provides some solutions for large fluctuations in temperature, while in humid climates heighten the building and avoidance of it from skeletal connections to earth is another answer. In this direction authors selected three case studies in major climate zones in Iran and surveyed the common techniques in each zones facing the earth. Dastkand village in the middle of Kerman province from Semi-Desert climate, Kandowan in Azerbayjan province from Cold Mountains climate and Biahpish region in the central plains of Gilan from Caspian Mild and Wet climate. There are several approaches in architecture of habitats for each region in sheltering against discomforts of nature, from locating in the heart of the earth and benefiting the basements, to escaping from the humidity of the ground and enjoyment of natural ventilation by constructing above the ground. This article draws out these ideas in order to identify the vernacular architecture techniques due to its climate approaching the factors determines the climatic characteristics of each region and reactions architecture does against these factors with focus on the building height from ground level. Each approach is analyzed according to temperature and humidity of selected zones which are the most determinant factors. Climate data is derived from Iran meteorological organization during 2010 and 2011. Analyzing climate data and evaluating each local and continental manufacturing strategy in case studies led to a pattern that shows benefits each regions take from the earth, with respect to the to the way buildings face it.

Urban development plans in Iran have been prepared for over several decades. The purpose of these plans is harmonic physical urban development. However it spends a lot of time and money on preparing these plans, but they can’t achieve their all purposes, especially in public services field and only a little percent of these plans comes true. In the same direction, according to the experiences of experts, not providing financial resources and not affording by urban management is one of the most important reasons of urban development plans unsuccessful. Eliminating this problem is possible by peoples and private part’s participation to be executed urban development plans particularly public and servicing land uses. So, in this research one of the Isfahan development plans suggestions (new terminal building project) is selected as a case study. Firstly incomes and outlays are counted for executing plan, then according an inductive way, it’s tried to analyze economic engineering utility as a motivation tool for more private part’s participation in executing urban development plans. For this purpose, two hypotheses will be explained: First hypotheses: Executing Zayanderood terminal movement project by private part is cost-effective. Second hypotheses: Executing Zayanderood terminal movement project by private part is cost-effective; in addition it’s based on urban planning principles. Testing cost-efficient hypotheses shows constructing suggested terminal isn’t cost-effective by cost and benefit analyzing (NPV) point of view and private part wouldn’t desire to invest and execute the plan. So based on investor expected benefit a piece of terminal ground is dedicated to commercial land use to make cost-efficient, furthermore it causes private part’s motivation for investing and executing passenger terminal land use. Based on second analyze, superposing new plans with urban planning principles are considered and results of consideration shows that confirming second hypotheses. In this research, it is proved economic engineering is useful in executing urban development plans by finding plans benefit measure. So if these plans weren’t cost-effective, land uses and functions should be redesign. Therefore economic engineering presents a model for evaluation of urban development plans and changing it based on 2 items: cost-efficient and private part motivation. Finally some suggestion has been presented about preparing and executing urban development plans process in order to making more economical and executable plans and increase in the private part motivation. Some of Suggestions involve: 1)Using economic engineering analyses in both before preparing suggested plans in order to recognize plans priority and after preparing final suggested in order to economical designing of plans in process of its executing. 2) Searching and studding to recognize some projects that are cost-effective and investors and citizens desire to risk. 3) Reducing Private part investing risk by presenting financial information’s, encourager tools, warranting benefit measure and efficiency joint projects especially about investing in servicing and social land uses. 4) Preparing beneficiary requirements by making winner-winner relationship. 5) Attracting and developing investor’s participation in executing plans by public relations and introducing participation fields. Presented suggestions can be achieved by establishment a department that should manage economic evaluation, private part participation.